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array:
a set of objects in equal rows and equalcolumns.
attributes:
a characteristic or distinctive feature—such as shapes, size, color—of an object or given
set of objects.
benchmark:
a reference that is based onsituations that are commonly known such as a dollar
bill (six inches), the distance of a doorknob from the
floor (about a meter or yard), a half-gallon of milk, a
two-liter soda, and five pounds of sugar.
categorical data:
data that represents individualsor objects by one or more characteristics or traits
they share, such as maleness or femaleness or blue
eyes for green eyes." Categorical data is often
treated as counts, proportions, or percentages of
people or things in them.
commutative property of multiplication:
the product stays the same when the order of the
factors is changed. Example: 8 x 5 = 5 x 8.
composing or decomposing numbers:
flexibly using or knowing numbers through creating
and breaking numbers apart to form equivalent
representations. For example, 36 can be thought of
as 32 + 4, 20 + 16, 40 – 4, 12 X 3, 72/2 etc.
demonstrate fluency:
demonstrating the abilityfor efficient and accurate methods of computing and
being able to demonstrate flexibility in computational
methods chosen which result in students being able
to explain their methods and produce accurate
answers.
expression:
a mathematical phrase thatrepresents a number through the combination of
operation symbols, numbers and/or symbols.
Examples: 23 x 67; 33-
.even :
a whole number that is divisible by 2.features (of the data set):
features include therange, the outliers, the median, mean and mode. It
is important that students not only identify these
features, but also know at they indicate about the
data.
flipping/reflecting:
a transformation creating amirror image of a figure on the opposite side of a
line.
fluency: refers to having efficient and accuratemethods for computing.
identity property of multiplication:
if youmultiply a number by one, the product is the same as
the number.
line plot:
a diagram showing frequency of data ona number line.
median (feature of data):
when the numbersare arranged from least to greatest, the middle
number of a set of numbers, or the mean of two
middle numbers when the set has two middle
numbers.
mode (feature of data):
the number thatappears most frequently in a set of numbers. There
may be one, more than one, or no mode.
model: to represent a mathematical situation withmanipulatives (objects), pictures, numbers or
symbols.
multiple:
the product of a whole number and anyother whole number
.number sentence:
an equation or comparison.Examples: 3 + 4 = 7, 8 – 2 = 6, 7 > 6.
numerical data:
represent objects or individualsby numbers assigned to certain measurable
properties, such as their length or their age.
odd: a whole number that is not divisible by 2.outlier:
a number in a set of data that is muchlarger or smaller than most of the other numbers
in the set.
prism:
a 3-dimensional figure in which all of thesurfaces are polygons.
range (feature of data): the differencebetween the greatest and the least value in a set
of data.
set: a collection of distinct elements or items. Math at hand: A mathematics handbook (p. 534).sliding/translating: a transformation that involves
sliding a figure a given distance in a given direction.
transformations:
the mapping, or movement ofall points of a figure in a plane according to a
common operation . Examples of the operation
include rotations, dilations, reflections, and
translations.
transforming shapes: changing plane figuresby mapping or moving every point to a new location.
turning/rotating: a transformation that involvesturning a figure at a given angle and in a given
direction around a point
associative property of addition:
the sumstays the same when the grouping of the addends is
changed.
Example: (5+4) +6 = 5 + (4+6)
associative property of multiplication: theproduct stays the same when the grouping of the
factors is changed.
Example: (3 x 4) X 7 = 3 x (4 x 7)
attributes:
a characteristic or distinctive feature—such as shapes, size, color—of an object or given
set of objects.
categorical data:
data that representsindividuals or objects by one or more characteristics
or traits they share, such as maleness or femaleness
or blue eyes for green eyes." Categorical data is
often treated as counts, proportions, or percentages
of people or things in them.
center point (of rotation): the point that ageometric figure is rotated or turned around. The
point can be on the figure, but does not have to be.
commonly used fractions: halves, thirds,fourths, fifths, sixths, eighths, and tenths.
composing or decomposing numbers:
flexibly using or knowing numbers through creating
and breaking numbers apart to form equivalent
representations. For example, 36 can be thought of
as 32 + 4, 20 + 16, 40 – 4, 12 X 3, 72/2 etc.
composite number:
a number that has morethan two factors.
coordinate systems: two-dimensional systemsin which the coordinates of a point are its distances
from two intersecting, usually perpendicular straight
lines called axes
distributive property:
when one of the factors ofa product is written as a sum, multiplying each
addend before adding does not change the product.
Example: 3 x ( 5 + 4) = (3 x 5) + (3 x 4)
even:
a whole number that is divisible by 2. Math at hand: A mathematics handbook (p. 523).expression: a mathematical phrase that
represents a number through the combination of
operation symbols, numbers and/or symbols.
Examples: 23 x 67; 3a; x+y
factor:
an integer that will divide evenlyinto another number.
flipping/reflecting:
a transformation creating amirror image of a figure on the opposite side of a line
fractions:
a way of representing part of a whole(or a group) by telling the number of equal parts in
the whole and the number of those parts you are
describing.
generalizations:
reasoning about the structure ofa pattern or rule.
National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
model:
to represent a mathematical situation withmanipulatives (objects), pictures, numbers or
symbols.
net of a prism:
a flat 2-dimensional shape thatcan be folded into a 3-dimensional solid.
number sentence:
an equation or comparison.Examples: 3 + 4 = 7, 8 – 2 = 6, 7 > 6.
numerical data:
data that represent objects orindividuals by numbers assigned to certain
measurable properties, such as their length or their
age.
odd:
a whole number that is not divisible by 2. Math at hand: A mathematics handbook (p. 529).partitive:
distribution division that involvesfiguring out how many are in the group when the
number of groups is known.
Example: How wouldyou divide 24 cookies equally among 6 children?
prime number: a number that has exactly twodifferent positive factors, itself and 1
quotative: measurement division that involvesseeing how many groups will fit into a number.
Example: If a serving consists of 4 cookies and you
have 24 cookies, to how many children can you give
a serving of cookies? (Think of making one pile of 4
cookies, then a second pile of 4 cookies, etc.)
rotational symmetry:
a property of a figure thatis mapped onto itself by a rotation of 180
0 or less.sliding/translating:
a transformation thatinvolves sliding a figure a given distance in a given
direction.
square number:
the number of dots in a squarearray; the product of an integer multiplied by itself.
transformation: the mapping, or movement of allpoints of a figure in a plane according to a common
operation. Examples of the operation include
rotations, dilations, reflections, and translations.
transforming shapes:
changing plane figures bymoving or mapping every point in a plane figure to a
new location.
translation: a transformation in which a figure isslid a given distance in a given direction
turning/rotating: a transformation that involvesturning a figure at a given angle and in a given
direction around a point.
unit fraction: a fraction with a numerator of 1, forexample, ½, 1/3, ¼, 1/10
associative property of addition: the sumstays the same when the grouping of the addends is
changed.
Example: (22 + 13 ) +12 = 22 + (13 + 2)
associative property of multiplication: theproduct stays the same when the grouping of the
factors is changed.
Example: (8 x 7) x 13 = 8 x ( 7 x 13)
benchmark: a reference that is based onsituations that are commonly known such as a dollar
bill (six inches), the distance of a doorknob from the
floor (about a meter or yard), a half-gallon of milk, a
two-liter soda, and five pounds of sugar.
common factor:
a number that is a factor of twoor more numbers.
common multiple: a number that is a multiple oftwo or more numbers.
composing or decomposing numbers:flexibly using or knowing numbers through creating
and breaking numbers apart to form equivalent
representations. For example, 36 can be thought of
as 32 + 4, 20 + 16, 40 – 4, 12 X 3, 72/2 etc.
conjecture:
A proposition which is consistent withknown data, but has neither been verified nor shown
to be false. It is synonymous with hypothesis
.corresponding angles: angles that are in the
same relative position in similar or congruent figures.
corresponding sides of similar triangles:
Sides that are in the same relative position in similar
or congruent figures. Similar triangles are triangles
that have proportional corresponding sides and
congruent corresponding angles
distributive property: when one of the factors ofa product is written as a sum, multiplying each
addend before adding does not change the product.
Example: 7 x ( 11 + 13) = ( 7x11) + (7 x 13)
factor: an integer that will divide evenlyinto another number.
functions: relations in which every value of x hasa unique value of
y.image: a figure that is created after a shape
undergoes a transformation.
isometric representations: drawings that
provide a corner view of an object, thus showing
three dimensions
linear (function) equation: an equation whose
graph in a coordinate grid is a straight line.
mat plans: drawings of the base of a cube on
squares, with numbers on the squares to show how
high each stack of cubes is.
mean:
the measure of center found by dividing thesum of two or more numbers by the number of
addends.
measure of center: measures of center or
central tendency describe where data are
centered; measures of center include the mean,
median, and mode.
median: when the numbers are arranged from
least to greatest, the middle number of a set of
numbers, or the mean of two middle numbers
when the set has two middle numbers.
mode: the number that appears most frequently in
a set of numbers; there may be one, more than one,
or no mode.
model: to represent a mathematical situation with
manipulatives (objects), pictures, numbers or
symbols.
multiple:
the product of a whole number and anyother whole number.
nonlinear (function) equation: a functionwhose graph in a coordinate grid is not a straight
line.
non-standard units: measuring units such aspaper clips, pencils, etc. that can be used to help
understand the nature of units; tiles and dominoes
can be used as non-standard units for area measure.
pre-image:
the original figure in a transformation.properties of 1-2- and 3- dimensional
shapes: common features of 1-, 2-, and 3-
dimensional shapes, such as number and length of
sides, angle measures, etc.
range:
the difference between the greatest andthe least value in a set of data.
reflection/flips: a transformation in which a figureis flipped over a line called the line of reflection;
corresponding points in the image and pre-image are
equidistant from the line of reflection.
representations: physical objects, drawings,charts, graphs, and symbols that help students
communicate their thinking.
rotation/turn:
a transformation that forms animage by turning its pre-image about a point.
rotational symmetry: a property that allows afigure to be mapped onto itself as it is rotated 180
degrees or less.
standard units of measure:
measurementsthat are used to communicate in the United States
(customary) and around the world (metric system).
stem- and- leaf plot:
a method oforganizing data from least to greatest using the
digits of the greatest place value to group data.
The data is separated in to stems (tens) and
leaves (ones).
symbolic rules: rules that use variables andnumbers to describe a pattern or express a
relationship.
translation/slide:
a transformation in which animage is formed by moving or mapping every point
on a figure the same distance in the same direction.
Points in the original figure are equidistant from their
image.
visual model: models such as networks thatcould be used to analyze and solve real problems as
those concerned with efficiency. The models of 2-
and 3-dimensional objects may also assist in the
students’ reasoning about spatial relationships.
Grade
Forth – California State Standards
Taught
By
the end of grade four, students understand large numbers and addition,
subtraction,
multiplication, and division of whole numbers. They describe
and
compare simple fractions and decimals. They understand the properties of,
and
the relationships between, plane geometric figures. They collect, represent,
and
analyze data to answer questions.
Number
Sense
1.0
Students understand the place value of whole numbers and decimals to two
decimal
places and how whole numbers and decimals relate to simple fractions.
Students
use the concepts of negative numbers:
1.1
Read and write whole numbers in the millions.
1.2
Order and compare whole numbers and decimals to two decimal places.
1.3
Round whole numbers through the millions to the nearest ten, hundred, thousand,
ten
thousand, or hundred thousand.
1.4
Decide when a rounded solution is called for and explain why such a solution may
be
appropriate.
1.5
Explain different interpretations of fractions, for example, parts of a whole,
parts
of
a set, and division of whole numbers by whole numbers; explain equivalents
of
fractions (see Standard 4.0).
1.6
Write tenths and hundredths in decimal and fraction notations and know the
fraction
and decimal equivalents for halves and fourths (e.g., 1/2
= 0.5 or .50;
7/4
= 1 3/4
= 1.75).
1.7
Write the fraction represented by a drawing of parts of a figure; represent a
given
fraction
by using drawings; and relate a fraction to a simple decimal on a number
line.
1.8
Use concepts of negative numbers (e.g., on a number line, in counting, in
temperature,
in
뱋wing?.
1.9
Identify on a number line the relative position of positive fractions, positive
mixed
numbers,
and positive decimals to two decimal places.
15
2.0
Students extend their use and understanding of whole numbers to the
addition
and subtraction of simple decimals:
2.1
Estimate and compute the sum or difference of whole numbers and positive
decimals
to two places.
2.2
Round two-place decimals to one decimal or the nearest whole number and judge
the
reasonableness of the rounded answer.
3.0
Students solve problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and
division of whole numbers and understand the relationships among
the
operations:
3.1
Demonstrate an understanding of, and the ability to use, standard algorithms
for
the addition and subtraction of multidigit numbers.
3.2
Demonstrate an understanding of, and the ability to use, standard algorithms
for
multiplying a multidigit number by a two-digit number and for dividing a
multidigit
number by a one-digit number; use relationships between them to
simplify
computations and to check results.
3.3
Solve problems involving multiplication of multidigit numbers by two-digit
numbers.
3.4
Solve problems involving division of multidigit numbers by one-digit numbers.
4.0
Students know how to factor small whole numbers:
4.1
Understand that many whole numbers break down in different ways
(e.g.,
12 = 4 ?3
= 2 ?6
= 2 ?2
?3).
4.2
Know that numbers such as 2, 3, 5, 7, and 11 do not have any factors except 1
and
themselves
and that such numbers are called prime numbers.
Algebra
and Functions
1.0
Students use and interpret variables, mathematical symbols, and properties to
write
and simplify expressions and sentences:
1.1
Use letters, boxes, or other symbols to stand for any number in simple
expressions
or
equations (e.g., demonstrate an understanding and the use of the concept of a
variable).
1.2
Interpret and evaluate mathematical expressions that now use parentheses.
1.3
Use parentheses to indicate which operation to perform first when writing
expressions
containing
more than two terms and different operations.
1.4
Use and interpret formulas (e.g., area = length ?width or A = lw) to answer
questions
about quantities and their relationships.
1.5
Understand that an equation such as y
= 3x
+ 5 is a
prescription for determining
a
second number when a first number is given.
2.0
Students know how to manipulate equations:
2.1
Know and understand that equals added to equals are equal.
2.2
Know and understand that equals multiplied by equals are equal.
Measurement
and Geometry
1.0
Students understand perimeter and area:
1.1
Measure the area of rectangular shapes by using appropriate units, such as
square
centimeter
(cm2),
square meter (m 2),
square kilometer (km 2),
square inch (in 2),
square
yard (yd2),
or square mile (mi 2).
1.2
Recognize that rectangles that have the same area can have different perimeters.
1.3
Understand that rectangles that have the same perimeter can have different
areas.
1.4
Understand and use formulas to solve problems involving perimeters and areas
of
rectangles and squares. Use those formulas to find the areas of more complex
figures
by dividing the figures into basic shapes.
2.0
Students use two-dimensional coordinate grids to represent points and graph
lines
and simple figures:
2.1
Draw the points corresponding to linear relationships on graph paper (e.g., draw
10
points on the graph of the equation y
= 3x
and connect
them by using a straight
line).
2.2
Understand that the length of a horizontal line segment equals the difference of
the
x-coordinates.
2.3
Understand that the length of a vertical line segment equals the difference of
the ycoordinates.
3.0
Students demonstrate an understanding of plane and solid geometric objects
and
use this knowledge to show relationships and solve problems:
3.1
Identify lines that are parallel and perpendicular.
3.2
Identify the radius and diameter of a circle.
3.3
Identify congruent figures.
3.4
Identify figures that have bilateral and rotational symmetry.
3.5
Know the definitions of a right angle, an acute angle, and an obtuse angle.
Understand
that
90, 180, 270, and 360?are
associated, respectively, with 1/4,
1/2,
3/4,
and
full
turns.
3.6
Visualize, describe, and make models of geometric solids (e.g., prisms,
pyramids) in
terms
of the number and shape of faces, edges, and vertices; interpret two-dimensional
representations
of three-dimensional objects; and draw patterns (of faces) for
a
solid that, when cut and folded, will make a model of the solid.
3.7
Know the definitions of different triangles (e.g., equilateral, isosceles,
scalene) and
identify
their attributes.
3.8
Know the definition of different quadrilaterals (e.g., rhombus, square,
rectangle,
parallelogram,
trapezoid).
Statistics,
Data Analysis, and Probability
1.0
Students organize, represent, and interpret numerical and categorical data and
clearly
communicate their findings:
1.1
Formulate survey questions; systematically collect and represent data on a
number
line;
and coordinate graphs, tables, and charts.
1.2
Identify the mode(s) for sets of categorical data and the mode(s), median, and
any
apparent
outliers for numerical data sets.
1.3
Interpret one- and two-variable data graphs to answer questions about a
situation.
2.0
Students make predictions for simple probability situations:
2.1
Represent all possible outcomes for a simple probability situation in an
organized
way
(e.g., tables, grids, tree diagrams).
2.2
Express outcomes of experimental probability situations verbally and numerically
(e.g.,
3 out of 4; 3/4).
Mathematical
Reasoning
1.0
Students make decisions about how to approach problems:
1.1
Analyze problems by identifying relationships, distinguishing relevant from
irrelevant
information, sequencing and prioritizing information, and observing
patterns.
1.2
Determine when and how to break a problem into simpler parts.
2.0
Students use strategies, skills, and concepts in finding solutions:
2.1
Use estimation to verify the reasonableness of calculated results.
2.2
Apply strategies and results from simpler problems to more complex problems.
2.3
Use a variety of methods, such as words, numbers, symbols, charts, graphs,
tables,
diagrams,
and models, to explain mathematical reasoning.
2.4
Express the solution clearly and logically by using the appropriate mathematical
notation
and terms and clear language; support solutions with evidence in both
verbal
and symbolic work.
2.5
Indicate the relative advantages of exact and approximate solutions to problems
and
give answers to a specified degree of accuracy.
2.6
Make precise calculations and check the validity of the results from the context
of
the problem.
3.0
Students move beyond a particular problem by generalizing to other
situations:
3.1
Evaluate the reasonableness of the solution in the context of the original
situation.
3.2
Note the method of deriving the solution and demonstrate a conceptual under
standing
of the derivation by solving similar problems.
3.3
Develop generalizations of the results obtained and apply them in other
circumstances.
Grade Five Math – California State Standards Taught
By
the end of grade five, students increase their facility with the four basic
arithmetic
operations applied to fractions, decimals, and positive and negative
numbers.
They know and use common measuring units to determine length and
area
and know and use formulas to determine the volume of simple geometric
figures.
Students know the concept of angle measurement and use a protractor
and
compass to solve problems. They use grids, tables, graphs, and charts to
record
and analyze data.
Number
Sense
1.0
Students compute with very large and very small numbers, positive integers,
decimals,
and fractions and understand the relationship between decimals,
fractions,
and percents. They understand the relative magnitudes of numbers:
1.1
Estimate, round, and manipulate very large (e.g., millions) and very small
(e.g.,
thousandths) numbers.
1.2
Interpret percents as a part of a hundred; find decimal and percent equivalents
for
common
fractions and explain why they represent the same value; compute a given
percent
of a whole number.
1.3
Understand and compute positive integer powers of nonnegative integers; compute
examples
as repeated multiplication.
1.4
Determine the prime factors of all numbers through 50 and write the numbers as
the
product of their prime factors by using exponents to show multiples of a factor
(e.g.,
24 = 2 ?2
?2
?3
= 23 ?3).
1.5
Identify and represent on a number line decimals, fractions, mixed numbers, and
positive
and negative integers.
20
2.0
Students perform calculations and solve problems involving addition,
subtraction,
and
simple multiplication and division of fractions and decimals:
2.1
Add, subtract, multiply, and divide with decimals; add with negative integers;
subtract
positive integers from negative integers; and verify the reasonableness of
the
results.
2.2
Demonstrate proficiency with division, including division with positive decimals
and
long division with multidigit divisors.
2.3
Solve simple problems, including ones arising in concrete situations, involving
the
addition
and subtraction of fractions and mixed numbers (like and unlike denominators
of
20 or less), and express answers in the simplest form.
2.4
Understand the concept of multiplication and division of fractions.
2.5
Compute and perform simple multiplication and division of fractions and apply
these
procedures to solving problems.
Algebra
and Functions
1.0
Students use variables in simple expressions, compute the value of the
expression
for
specific values of the variable, and plot and interpret the results:
1.1
Use information taken from a graph or equation to answer questions about a
problem
situation.
1.2
Use a letter to represent an unknown number; write and evaluate simple algebraic
expressions
in one variable by substitution.
1.3
Know and use the distributive property in equations and expressions with
variables.
1.4
Identify and graph ordered pairs in the four quadrants of the coordinate plane.
1.5
Solve problems involving linear functions with integer values; write the
equation;
and
graph the resulting ordered pairs of integers on a grid.
Measurement
and Geometry
1.0
Students understand and compute the volumes and areas of simple objects:
1.1
Derive and use the formula for the area of a triangle and of a parallelogram by
comparing
it with the formula for the area of a rectangle (i.e., two of the same
triangles
make a parallelogram with twice the area; a parallelogram is compared
with
a rectangle of the same area by cutting and pasting a right triangle on the
parallelogram).
1.2
Construct a cube and rectangular box from two-dimensional patterns and use
these
patterns to compute the surface area for these objects.
1.3
Understand the concept of volume and use the appropriate units in common
measuring
systems (i.e., cubic centimeter [cm 3],
cubic meter [m3],
cubic inch
[in
3],
cubic yard [yd3])
to compute the volume of rectangular solids.
1.4
Differentiate between, and use appropriate units of measures for, two- and
three-dimensional
objects (i.e., find the perimeter, area, volume).
2.0
Students identify, describe, and classify the properties of, and the
relationships
between,
plane and solid geometric figures:
2.1
Measure, identify, and draw angles, perpendicular and parallel lines,
rectangles,
and
triangles by using appropriate tools (e.g., straightedge, ruler, compass,
protractor,
drawing software).
2.2
Know that the sum of the angles of any triangle is 180?and
the sum of the angles
of
any quadrilateral is 360?and
use this information to solve problems.
2.3
Visualize and draw two-dimensional views of three-dimensional objects made
from
rectangular solids.
Statistics,
Data Analysis, and Probability
1.0
Students display, analyze, compare, and interpret different data sets, including
data
sets of different sizes:
1.1
Know the concepts of mean, median, and mode; compute and compare simple
examples
to show that they may differ.
1.2
Organize and display single-variable data in appropriate graphs and
representations
(e.g.,
histogram, circle graphs) and explain which types of graphs are appropriate
for
various data sets.
1.3
Use fractions and percentages to compare data sets of different sizes.
1.4
Identify ordered pairs of data from a graph and interpret the meaning of the
data
in
terms of the situation depicted by the graph.
1.5
Know how to write ordered pairs correctly; for example, (x, y).
Mathematical
Reasoning
1.0
Students make decisions about how to approach problems:
1.1
Analyze problems by identifying relationships, distinguishing relevant from
irrelevant
information, sequencing and prioritizing information, and observing
patterns.
1.2
Determine when and how to break a problem into simpler parts.
2.0
Students use strategies, skills, and concepts in finding solutions:
2.1
Use estimation to verify the reasonableness of calculated results.
2.2
Apply strategies and results from simpler problems to more complex problems.
2.3
Use a variety of methods, such as words, numbers, symbols, charts, graphs,
tables,
diagrams,
and models, to explain mathematical reasoning.
2.4
Express the solution clearly and logically by using the appropriate mathematical
notation
and terms and clear language; support solutions with evidence in both
verbal
and symbolic work.
2.5
Indicate the relative advantages of exact and approximate solutions to problems
and
give answers to a specified degree of accuracy.
2.6
Make precise calculations and check the validity of the results from the context
of
the problem.
3.0
Students move beyond a particular problem by generalizing to other
situations:
3.1
Evaluate the reasonableness of the solution in the context of the original
situation.
3.2
Note the method of deriving the solution and demonstrate a conceptual under
standing
of the derivation by solving similar problems.
3.3
Develop generalizations of the results obtained and apply them in other
circumstances.
Grade Six – California State
Standards Taught
By
the end of grade six, students have mastered the four arithmetic operations
with
whole numbers, positive fractions, positive decimals, and positive and
negative
integers; they accurately compute and solve problems. They apply their
knowledge
to statistics and probability. Students understand the concepts of
mean,
median, and mode of data sets and how to calculate the range. They
analyze
data and sampling processes for possible bias and misleading conclusions;
they
use addition and multiplication of fractions routinely to calculate the
probabilities
for compound events. Students conceptually understand and work
with
ratios and proportions; they compute percentages (e.g., tax, tips, interest).
Students
know about p
and the
formulas for the circumference and area of a
circle.
They use letters for numbers in formulas involving geometric shapes and
in
ratios to represent an unknown part of an expression. They solve one-step
linear
equations.
Number
Sense
1.0
Students compare and order positive and negative fractions, decimals, and
mixed
numbers. Students solve problems involving fractions, ratios, proportions,
and
percentages:
1.1
Compare and order positive and negative fractions, decimals, and mixed numbers
and
place them on a number line.
1.2
Interpret and use ratios in different contexts (e.g., batting averages, miles
per hour)
to
show the relative sizes of two quantities, using appropriate notations (a/b,
a to b,
a:b).
1.3
Use proportions to solve problems (e.g., determine the value of N if 4/7 = N/21,
find
the length of a side of a polygon similar to a known polygon). Use
crossmultiplication
as
a method for solving such problems, understanding it as the
multiplication
of both sides of an equation by a multiplicative inverse.
1.4
Calculate given percentages of quantities and solve problems involving discounts
at
sales, interest earned, and tips.
24
2.0
Students calculate and solve problems involving addition, subtraction,
multiplication,
and division:
2.1
Solve problems involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of
positive
fractions and explain why a particular operation was used for a given
situation.
2.2
Explain the meaning of multiplication and division of positive fractions and per8
÷ 15
8
× 16 form the calculations (e.g., 5.
.16 =
5.
.15 =
2.3).
2.3
Solve addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division problems, including
those
arising
in concrete situations, that use positive and negative integers and combinations
of
these operations.
2.4
Determine the least common multiple and the greatest common divisor of whole
numbers;
use them to solve problems with fractions (e.g., to find a common
denominator
to add two fractions or to find the reduced form for a fraction).
Algebra
and Functions
1.0
Students write verbal expressions and sentences as algebraic expressions and
equations;
they evaluate algebraic expressions, solve simple linear equations,
and
graph and interpret their results:
1.1
Write and solve one-step linear equations in one variable.
1.2
Write and evaluate an algebraic expression for a given situation, using up to
three
variables.
1.3
Apply algebraic order of operations and the commutative, associative, and
distributive
properties
to evaluate expressions; and justify each step in the process.
1.4
Solve problems manually by using the correct order of operations or by using a
scientific
calculator.
2.0
Students analyze and use tables, graphs, and rules to solve problems involving
rates
and proportions:
2.1
Convert one unit of measurement to another (e.g., from feet to miles, from
centimeters
to
inches).
2.2
Demonstrate an understanding that rate
is a
measure of one quantity per unit value
of
another quantity.
2.3
Solve problems involving rates, average speed, distance, and time.
1
3.0
Students investigate geometric patterns and describe them algebraically:
3.1
Use variables in expressions describing geometric quantities (e.g., P
= 2w
+ 2l,
A
=.2
bh,
C =
π d.the
formulas for the perimeter of a rectangle, the area of a triangle,
and
the circumference of a circle, respectively).
3.2
Express in symbolic form simple relationships arising from geometry.
Measurement
and Geometry
1.0
Students deepen their understanding of the measurement of plane and solid
shapes
and use this understanding to solve problems:
1.1
Understand the concept of a constant such as π;
know the formulas for the circumference
and
area of a circle.
1.2
Know common estimates of π (3.14;
22.7)
and use these values to estimate and calculate
the
circumference and the area of circles; compare with actual measurements.
1.3
Know and use the formulas for the volume of triangular prisms and cylinders
(area
of
base × height); compare these formulas and explain
the similarity between them
and
the formula for the volume of a rectangular solid.
2.0
Students identify and describe the properties of two-dimensional figures:
2.1
Identify angles as vertical, adjacent, complementary, or supplementary and
provide
descriptions
of these terms.
2.2
Use the properties of complementary and supplementary angles and the sum of the
angles
of a triangle to solve problems involving an unknown angle.
2.3
Draw quadrilaterals and triangles from given information about them (e.g., a
quadrilateral
having equal sides but no right angles, a right isosceles triangle).
Statistics,
Data Analysis, and Probability
1.0
Students compute and analyze statistical measurements for data sets:
1.1
Compute the range, mean, median, and mode of data sets.
1.2
Understand how additional data added to data sets may affect these computations
of
measures of central tendency.
1.3
Understand how the inclusion or exclusion of outliers affects measures of
central
tendency.
1.4
Know why a specific measure of central tendency (mean, median, mode) provides
the
most useful information in a given context.
2.0
Students use data samples of a population and describe the characteristics
and
limitations of the samples:
2.1
Compare different samples of a population with the data from the entire
population
and
identify a situation in which it makes sense to use a sample.
2.2
Identify different ways of selecting a sample (e.g., convenience sampling,
responses
to
a survey, random sampling) and which method makes a sample more representative
for
a population.
2.3
Analyze data displays and explain why the way in which the question was asked
might
have influenced the results obtained and why the way in which the results
were
displayed might have influenced the conclusions reached.
2.4
Identify data that represent sampling errors and explain why the sample (and the
display)
might be biased.
2.5
Identify claims based on statistical data and, in simple cases, evaluate the
validity
of
the claims.
3.0
Students determine theoretical and experimental probabilities and use these
to
make predictions about events:
3.1
Represent all possible outcomes for compound events in an organized way
(e.g.,
tables, grids, tree diagrams) and express the theoretical probability of each
outcome.
3.2
Use data to estimate the probability of future events (e.g., batting averages or
number
of accidents per mile driven).
3.3
Represent probabilities as ratios, proportions, decimals between 0 and 1, and
percentages
between 0 and 100 and verify that the probabilities computed are
reasonable;
know that if P
is the
probability of an event, 1-P
is the
probability of an
event
not occurring.
3.4
Understand that the probability of either of two disjoint events occurring is
the sum
of
the two individual probabilities and that the probability of one event following
another,
in independent trials, is the product of the two probabilities.
3.5
Understand the difference between independent and dependent events.
Mathematical
Reasoning
1.0
Students make decisions about how to approach problems:
1.1
Analyze problems by identifying relationships, distinguishing relevant from
irrelevant
information, identifying missing information, sequencing and
prioritizing
information, and observing patterns.
1.2
Formulate and justify mathematical conjectures based on a general description
of
the mathematical question or problem posed.
1.3
Determine when and how to break a problem into simpler parts.
2.0
Students use strategies, skills, and concepts in finding solutions:
2.1
Use estimation to verify the reasonableness of calculated results.
2.2
Apply strategies and results from simpler problems to more complex problems.
2.3
Estimate unknown quantities graphically and solve for them by using logical
reasoning
and arithmetic and algebraic techniques.
2.4
Use a variety of methods, such as words, numbers, symbols, charts, graphs,
tables,
diagrams,
and models, to explain mathematical reasoning.
2.5
Express the solution clearly and logically by using the appropriate mathematical
notation
and terms and clear language; support solutions with evidence in both
verbal
and symbolic work.
2.6
Indicate the relative advantages of exact and approximate solutions to problems
and
give answers to a specified degree of accuracy.
2.7
Make precise calculations and check the validity of the results from the context
of
the problem.
3.0
Students move beyond a particular problem by generalizing to other
situations:
3.1
Evaluate the reasonableness of the solution in the context of the original
situation.
3.2
Note the method of deriving the solution and demonstrate a conceptual under
standing
of the derivation by solving similar problems.
3.3
Develop generalizations of the results obtained and the strategies used and
apply
them
in new problem situations.
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